Free Essays on The Democratic Primary

The Democratic Primary Conceptual With the appointment of President of the United States drawing nearer there are numerous individuals competing for the chance to be on the voting form. There are nine contenders for the Democratic Party endeavoring to pick up their gatherings favor for this respect. I will show the various strategies and procedures of the contenders for this essential political race. They will constrain you and endeavor to pick up your help by each know strategy and play numerous mental games with the general population so as to accumulate support. I will separate the well known contenders and show their course of action. The Democratic Primary The appointment of 2004 is quickly drawing nearer and the Democratic Party is gathering their best for the race. There are nine up-and-comers that are competing for the party’s underwriting. The popularity based essential will be a hard faced conflict and all the stops are being pulled so as to impact the voters. The applicants are utilizing each stunt in their arms stockpile to acquire votes. Every up-and-comer except for Dennis Kucinich has a crusade melody. The tunes are even used to influence the mentality of the voters, from Kerry’s â€Å"I Won’t Back Down† by Tom Petty to Gephardt’s â€Å"The Best† by Tina Turner. (WWW.MSNBC.COM) This crusade is boiling down to a mental fight with each applicant utilizing every one of their capacities to influence the vote. John Kerry is utilizing the way that he was a Viet Nam veteran for his full potential benefit. In the Detroit banter when Lieberman interrogated him regarding casting a ballot against the $87 billion apportionment for Iraq he addressed â€Å" Well, Joe, I have burned in me an encounter which you don’t have, and that’s the experience of being one of those soldiers on the bleeding edges when the strategy has gone wrong.† He proceeded to clarify why his vote was a superior method to secure the soldiers, however what made ... Free Essays on The Democratic Primary Free Essays on The Democratic Primary The Democratic Primary Theoretical With the appointment of President of the United States drawing nearer there are numerous individuals competing for the chance to be on the polling form. There are nine contenders for the Democratic Party endeavoring to pick up their gatherings favor for this respect. I will show the various strategies and procedures of the contenders for this essential political race. They will constrain you and endeavor to pick up your help by each know strategy and play numerous mental games with people in general so as to accumulate support. I will separate the well known contenders and show their course of action. The Democratic Primary The appointment of 2004 is quickly drawing nearer and the Democratic Party is gathering their best for the race. There are nine competitors that are competing for the party’s underwriting. The majority rule essential will be a hard taken on conflict and all the stops are being pulled so as to impact the voters. The competitors are utilizing each stunt in their arms stockpile to get votes. Every up-and-comer except for Dennis Kucinich has a crusade melody. The melodies are even used to influence the mentality of the voters, from Kerry’s â€Å"I Won’t Back Down† by Tom Petty to Gephardt’s â€Å"The Best† by Tina Turner. (WWW.MSNBC.COM) This crusade is boiling down to a mental fight with each competitor utilizing every one of their capacities to influence the vote. John Kerry is utilizing the way that he was a Viet Nam veteran for his full potential benefit. In the Detroit banter when Lieberman examined him regarding casting a ballot against the $87 billion allotment for Iraq he addressed â€Å" Well, Joe, I have singed in me an encounter which you don’t have, and that’s the experience of being one of those soldiers on the cutting edges when the approach has gone wrong.† He proceeded to clarify why his vote was a superior method to ensure the soldiers, however what made ...

The Concept Of Tourism Marketing Marketing Essay

The Concept Of Tourism Marketing Essay The 15 Cs system was right off the bat created by Fyall et al. In 2006 (Destination the board: difficulties and openings 2010 (public statement)) to give a reasonable blend of key difficulties confronting the contender of that goal promoting and the board. However, levels will be generally significant on various goals. In the event that there is a disappointment in one of difficulties of goal showcasing, at that point it will influence the entire arrangement. The 15 Cs can be recognized as: Complexity, Control, Culture, Competition, Commodification, Creativity, Communication, Channels, Cyberspace, Consolidation, Collaboration, Change, Crisis, Customers and Complacency. First we will go on with the multifaceted nature factor, were the goal item isn't in the contention state and what remains is a conversation about that goal future, it will be increasingly mind boggling because of innumerable partners from both inner and outside or traveler. The multifaceted nature of the traveler goal ought to be taken in thought with the customer and network of that place for advertising of it. In this way, every individual buyers of that goal will have a perspective worried that the vacationer place is neatly encase heap of providers as structure the instance of providers hope (Buhalis 2000). Control is firmly identified with multifaceted nature the goal advertisers have a failure to control the components of goal item and furthermore its predetermination in commercial center (Scott, parfitt, and Laws-2000, p.202) the vital methodology ought to be solid to control the challenges in coordination in showcasing a goal as there are numerous methods of drawing closer as battles which can be directed with the assistance of different travelers business with no open audit on the accessible data. The improvements are made to improve the travel industry in that goal. The force, assets, experience, common trust, and regard remain as a critical test for those goals for the travel industry advertising in future (Ritchie, 2002) The social factor is generally significant for both gracefully and request in goal advertising. Because of progress their will be social broadening among private and open segment on the travel industry goals. As in change the two societies will be cooperating for not so distant, the interest side is relies upon methods for goal what is required for improvement of the travel industry. The change can be found all over the place yet it is the just one of its sort to the showcasing and the board of goals and emphatically reacting to change is expanding step by step. Changes can be in anything costs, wares, transport, and so on. The emergencies and dread of it is available wherever across the travel industry on various goals and according to their area they are affected in positive or negative or immediate or roundabout way it very well may be common or synthetic. A model we can take is psychological oppression happening all over world or tidal wave. Lack of concern has changed in light of the fact that clients have different options of goals with same highlights. It expands the opposition among associations in the travel industry. Going on with the opposition factor the opposition among associations is expanding and the goals wherever are in extreme strain to make their benefit and development from the travel industry in these troublesome years. there is an expansion in goal item and in traveler goal. As in European situation there is a reduction in costs of carriers and other vehicle however it is helpful for visitor who goes on that goal. The opposition is at its exceptional level where the normal or artificial debacle happened and afterward the number of inhabitants in traveler to that goal is diminished, due to this vacationer began to pick made sure about goals and for quite a while the opposition in various locales is expanded because of same gracefully of highlights and offices. In commodification factor an opposition become progressively exceptional the market becomes busy and afterward they become increasingly challengeable and serious to oversee and do advertising of that goal association. Because of increment in visitors numerous goal has comparative offices and selling point. Accordingly, goal are expected to accomplish difficult work to evade the straightforwardness with which they can subbed. One of the essential methods from which replacement can be tested is innovativeness approach the fiery and various thoughts can be utilized for goal marking. However, marking and showcasing a goal isn't a simple errand. All goals are of various shapes and sizes those are impacted by a separation of world of politics thus, it settles on down the dynamic for advertisers of that goals and it makes low innovativeness in commercial center. (Caldwell Freire konecnik (2004), Morgan et al. (2002, 2003) and white (2004)). In the event that the brand is appropriately recognized and showcased with great imagination it will be on acceptable situation in serious market. A commercial in numerous areas of world is done through news paper however in some a wide range of districts or parts of world the correspondence is significant and is required on profoundly reason for exceptionally taught and progressively advanced customers. The utilization of Web, websites, online long range informal communication like facebook and twitter is expanded yet the high rate on showcasing spending plan is spent on print based media like pamphlets and handouts (Dore and Crouch 2003; Foley and Fahy 2004). The channel and the internet are firmly related with one another as they are most significant factor for the travel industry promoting and for dispersing of the thoughts or innovativeness of advertisers of that goal. In combination factor we can take a case of Thomas cook there is a critical increment as of late over the globe. This is unequivocally influenced to the travel industry by the methods for movement in type of aircrafts, cordiality in to a great extent universal and nearby gatherings, cash trade, and so on. One methods for promoting where corporate or advertisers meet for cooperation inside or among goals. Clients can be from same area or from everywhere throughout the globe with various religions and language like British, Indian, French, Chinese, and so on and they can be likewise of various age gatherings. (Progress in the travel industry showcasing by M Kozak and L Andreu 2006) http://books.google.com/books?id=Uij4AdXkBqACpg=PA83dq=framework+for+15cs+in+tourismhl=enei=ADwXTZicJsOChQeNsKG4Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=true Contextual analysis:- The contextual analysis includes the lovely vacationer goal Dubai it is a cutting edge city at southern shore and different sides secured by desert it is otherwise called a one of seven states which contain United Arab Emirates. In 1830 it was an angling and pearling port and it was taken over by the maktoum part of the bani yas clan who despite everything rules dubai, because of port it makes alluring to dealers and built up a middle for territorial trade and it additionally become a piece of trucial states with Britain. In 1972 it stopped and joined to joined Arab emirate. In 1990 the Dubai populace was 80,000 and by 1992 it increments by 529,000 here a considerable lot of them are pulled in for Dubai safe and monetarily prospering condition. Dubai is notable for its oil asset yet it is limited and it is a primary asset that gives a salary to the nation which will assist with creating the travel industry. Dubai gives numerous offices and has numerous attractions to pull in visitor. Dubai is renowned for its Arabic life, safe condition, great universal lodgings, night life, grass fairway in dessert, warm oceans, and so forth it is additionally well known for its shopping celebrations and incredible shopping centers to do tax exempt shopping. Probably the freshest attractions that Dubai had made one of the best 5 star extravagant lodgings and the world initial seven star Hotel Burj-al-Arab at that point palms Jumeirah Island, and so on as dubai become one of the quickest developing traveler goal. (Traveler goal the executives issues, investigation and strategies by eric laws-1995) Sharpley, R 2008, Planning for Tourism: The Case of Dubai, Tourism and Hospitality: Planning Development, 5, 1, pp. 13-30, E-Journals, EBSCOhost, saw 2 January 2011. http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?hid=12sid=fdaadb41-b7ea-4df7-b79a-ea642ddb773e%40sessionmgr10vid=8 Dubai culture is emphatically established in Islamic customs of Arabia. Islam is greater than only a religion since it is a lifestyle which goes on in ordinary occasions that what to wear and what to eat and drink. In this way, the way of life is firmly related with its religion. Islamic fundamentalism is on the main spot in media and it makes different people groups of world to embrace it, at that point likewise Dubai invites outsiders and they can be free with their own religion. The liquor is served in lodgings and clothing standards are typical according to the people groups convention. Dubai culture gives warmth and amicability welcome to its vacationer. Because of antagonistic perspective on Islam it influence numerous Muslims living abroad however in Dubai all religion individuals leave together and cooperate like Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and so on and there are additionally various dialects like English, Urdu, and Hindi approx this Arabic is principle language yet it is s poken as on authentic business purposes and English can be heard all over. Because of the quick improvement as of late the life is changed in light of expanded various societies and material products so the Dubai rulers are quick to advance their custom and social exercises and furthermore games. (The forlorn planet direct Dubai by Terry Carter Lara Dunston-2006) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QscSeQp8hxMCpg=PA11dq=dubai+culturehl=enei=ZaAgTYONE8mFhQfkzKG3Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=1sqi=2ved=0CCkQ6wEwAA#v=onepageq=dubai%20culturef=false (Dubai: the total occupants manage by Explorer distributing Distribution-2006) http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=II2bdl4gcIMCpg=PA25dq=dubai+culturehl=enei=ZaAgTYONE8mFhQfkzKG3Dgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=book-thumbnailresnum=8sqi=2ve

Rapid City

Rapid City Rapid City, city (1990 pop. 54,523), seat of Pennington co., SW S.Dak., on Rapid Creek, in an irrigated farm region served by the Bureau of Reclamation's Rapid Valley project; founded 1876 after the discovery of gold nearby, inc. 1882. It is the trade and transportation center of an extensive lumbering, ranching, and mining (gold, silver, feldspar, bentonite, mica, and uranium) area. Wood products, sand and gravel, small arms ammunition and gun stocks, gold and silver jewelrey, food products, construction materials, and limestone are produced. Nearby Ellsworth Air Force Base is a major source of employment. The city is also the tourist center of the Black Hills and the gateway to many attractions, including Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Badlands National Park, and Wind Cave National Park. The South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, National American Univ., a Sioux museum, and a pioneer museum are in Rapid City. In 1972 the city was struck by a severe flash flood in which mo re than 200 lives were lost. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Young Goodman Brown Irony, Madness and Symbolism Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Another good example can be found on page 28 wherein the author mentioned that Goody Cloyse covered himself up as a pious and exemplary dame, who had taught him his catechism in youth, (Hawthorne 26) but is a witch, complete with a broomstick and evil magic spells. Hawthorne s irony makes him suggest, tongue-in-cheek, that her muttering is a prayer, doubtless (29). The supposedly holy minister and Good old Deacon Gookin (Hawthorne 61) is actually only pretending to show the image of holiness. The Puritans are referring to the English Protestants during the 16th and 17th century who are expected to practice strict religious discipline (Farlex Dictionary). In the short story, Hawthorne described the Puritan society as the grave, reputable, and pious people, these elders of the church, these chaste dames and dewy virgins (57) in bright colors of sin. Even the hymn sung at the satanic gathering is cloaked in the slow and mournful strain, such as the pious love, but joined to words which expressed all that our nature can conceive of sin, and darkly hinted at far more (Hawthorne 59). We will write a custom essay sample on Young Goodman Brown: Irony, Madness and Symbolism or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page According to Hawthorne (17), a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of the martyrs are actually the close acquaintances of the devil. For instance, the public figures of New England, who Goodman Brown thinks are a people of prayer, and good works to boot, and abide no such wickedness (Hawthorne 19) are revealed to be sinners.

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom of 1963 - 1260 Words

Over 200,000 demonstrators participated in the March on Washington in the nation’s capital on August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to gain civil rights for African Americans. There was a wide diversity in those who participated, with a quarter of all the demonstrators being white (Ross). Even southern people came to contribute which caused them to be harassed and threatened for coming to the march. The March on Washington became a very successful event for the rights of African Americans, and amended several peoples’ view-points towards the topic, even President John Kennedy’s. â€Å"The president feared that it might make the legislature vote against civil rights laws in reaction to a perceived threat. Once it became clear that the†¦show more content†¦No one had a clue how many would actually come out to help the support in the capital, but as previously stated there were over 200,000 people that showed up to participate. As the people protes ted they marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln memorial. All the civil-rights leaders of the â€Å"Big Six† spoke at the march. However, James Farmer could not attend the march because he was imprisoned therefore he had Floyd McKissick speak on his behalf through Farmer’s own speech (Ross). The peak speech celebrated during this event was when Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King said his speech which became to be known as the â€Å"I Have a Dream.† The one female speaker was Josephine Baker, who introduced several Negro Women Fighters for Freedom, including Rosa Parks† (Ross). Police were everywhere at the rally, but they were not needed because the protest was non-violent and was more of a civil and peaceful protest. Prayers were a big part of the March on Washington and lead to everyone rejoicing the moments made. The musical acts were a key part of the demonstration and brought a way of celebration to this event. The speakers and the singers preformed on the same podium with the same microphone (Tomasky). Songs that were sung at this event became very popular and got on the top billboard charts and are still recognized today. A huge performance was made by Bob Dylan, a man well known to this day, and also a woman named Joan Baez. The musical acts wereShow MoreRelatedEssay on The March on Washington - August 28, 19631344 Words   |  6 PagesThe March on Washington - August 28, 1963 One hundred years after the Emancipation Proclamation was written, African Americans were still fighting for equal rights in every day life. The first real success of this movement did not come until the Brown vs. Board of Education decision in 1954 which was followed by many boycotts and protests. The largest of these protests, the March on Washington, was held on August 28, 1963 â€Å"for jobs and freedom† (March on Washington 11). An incredible amount ofRead MoreAnalysis of the Civil Rights March of 1963988 Words   |  4 PagesDocument Analysis, of the Civil Rights March of 1963 Commencing in the late 19th century, state level governments approved segregation acts, identified as the Jim Crow laws, and assigned limitations on voting requirements that caused the African American population economically and diplomatically helpless (Davis, n.d.). The civil rights movement commenced, intensely and assertively, in the early 1940s when the societal composition of black America took an increasingly urban, popular appeal (KorstadRead MoreMarch on Washington Causes and Consequences Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesMarch On Washington – Causes and consequences essay Final The march on Washington in August 1963 is seen by many as the high point of the Civil Rights movement in America. 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The reverend felt that he would be idealRead MoreEssay about Martin Luther Kings Speech in Jobs and Freedom962 Words   |  4 PagesMartin Luther Kings Speech in Jobs and Freedom Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech was presented during the ‘Jobs and Freedom’ March, which was held on 28th August, 1963 near the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. The march was supported by over 250 000 people and was a great success. About one third of the crowd was white. That day several speeches were delivered however, Martin Luther King’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† was and still is one of the most powerful and movingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Signs Carried By Many Marchers 997 Words   |  4 PagesBy 1963, the Washington D.C. public schools had been integrated, as had the military, the federal work force, and public accommodations in the city, but the racial controversy was still an ongoing debate around the nation. Marion Trikosko’s photograph titled â€Å"Signs Carried by Many Marchers, During the March on Washington† was taken on August 28, 1963 during the march for jobs and freedom at the District of Columbia. It is one of the pictures in the â€Å"Civil Rights- A Long Road† collection from theRead MoreCritical Analysis Of Martin Luther Kings I Have A Dream775 Words   |  4 Pagesdelivered during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on 28 August 1963. This march was initially organized to focus on the economy, but as the date grew near, the focus shifted to social issues in the country. This march was attended by more than two hundred thousan d people, to include the many actors, musicians, and the civil rights leaders. Martin Luther King said â€Å"I am happy to join you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of ourRead MoreAnalysis Of Speech At The March On Washington1146 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough. This oration was given on the March on Washington D.C. and it was dubbed â€Å"Speech At The March On Washington†, which was given by John Lewis. This lecture had a persuasive element towards it because John Lewis used logical reasoning (logos), his or others credibility/character (ethos), and emotional reasoning (pathos) in a perfect mix. This speech was given during the March on Washington, where John Lewis and several other civil rights leaders led a march in order to protest the discriminationRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Essay967 Words   |  4 Pagesfinally be thought of as equals. They fought to earn their civil rights which is where the movement got its name from. There are many names that stand out when you think of the Civil Rights Movement, for example, Martin Luther King Jr. who lead a march to Washington and gave the famous â€Å"I have a Dream† speech, and there is also Rosa Parks who refused to sit in the back of the bus and render her seat to a white person. They are all interconnected in one way or another, with each of their actions and teachingsRead MoreCivil Rights: The Most Pressing Domestic Issue for the Kennedy and Johnson Administrations994 Words   |  4 Pagesin that region from the Democratic Party. Even so, when forced to take sides during the Freedom Rides of 1961, the integra tion fights at the University of Mississippi in 1962 and the University of Alabama the next year, Kennedy chose to support the side of integration and equal citizenship, and this did indeed cost him popular support among Southern whites. After the marches to desegregate Birmingham in 1963, he publicly endorsed the Civil Rights Act, although this did not become law until after

Medieval castles Free Essays

Castles of the Middle Ages In the 1 lth century, castles were served as the homes and fortresses of monarchs or nobles. They were also huge protection camps for the kings; they included every kind of defense known to medieval man. Anything from a moat, to murder holes, to arrow loops and this was all for the safety and protection of royalty. We will write a custom essay sample on Medieval castles or any similar topic only for you Order Now Overtime, the material used to build these castles improved by the matter of defense. Their purpose was extremely reasonable and a threat to many, but it was the private esidence of a king, not only for his families, but his dependents as well. Castles were built mainly on steep hills or even on cliffs, they were surrounded by wooden palisades and had many tactics of defense. With all of these strategies built into the castles, it was nearly impossible for enemies or intruders to trespass. However, castles weren’t always built so sturdy, or such a great idea at that matter, they used to be made of wood and earth. When people realized how much easier it was for them to be destroyed simply by being burned to the ground, they were then pgraded to stone and led. Castles were rarely made to be a comfortable place to live, since their purpose was for safety. The average castle had over 20 rooms, and not one was made for comfort. The Ground Floor usually was Just the kitchen and the storage room, the first floor was usually known as The Great Hall used for celebrations and ballroom dances, and the top floors were occupied by the lord and his family members. The dungeon however, is the room most people are curious about. It was a room usually located underground under a tower. This room was ntended for keeping prisoners, and in the most extreme scenarios, used for torture. The reason for the location of the dungeon was because the screams and cries were hardly ever heard. The castles also contained small personal chapels but this was the only room that anybody was able to visit since the Medieval Christian Church took over the everyday lives and religious views of all people; its purpose was for prayer and asking god for forgiveness. These chapels were often built with a horizontally divided nave and were usually two stories high. The nobles and dignitaries sat in the upper level and the servants would sit in the lower levels of the chapel. The chapel was possibly the most perfectly furnished, richly decorated, and colorful room in the building. Since the time spent on prayer was expected four times a day, the chapel was occupied upon rising, at noon, in the evening, and before bedtime. They also consisted of crystal-like windows, which each had a meaning or story to it. Whether it was an image of God, The Virgin Mary, or even Just the angels in whom they believed were everywhere watching over them. The outside of the castle wasn’t so pretty however, it may have seemed nice and peaceful from the outside but it was quite a surprise for others who attempted to trespass. It all starts when the king or lord places 14-year-old boys under the supervision of knights so they can learn a thing or two about chivalry, how to defend themselves with a sword, how to ride the horses into the battles, and so forth; these along with watchmen, guards, knights, and a porter to open up the main door. They each had their own positions and their own skills to rely on, some were trained rossbowmen, archers, lancers, and some Just had swords to defend themselves. The castle guards had to spend all day in front of a castle and staying alert. Even though these castles were made of stone, there were still a couple of possibilities that the enemy couldVe destroyed at least a part of the castle if they intended to, but it was rarely accomplished considering how difficult it was. Not only were courageous men securing the building, but they were even made in a way that it would force the attackers to spend more time and money trying to destroy it. The first line of defense toward an enemy and his crowd were the archers at the top of the castle. These men launched incendiary arrows with their bows, making the enemy’s wooden catapults engulf in flames. Along with that, the second line of defense was the lancers. They were men, with a sword-like weapon, riding on their horses fighting through the opposing crowd going around the building, taking out those who were a threat to the castle. Last but not least, the knights were the soldiers that were, most of the time, ositioned at the front of the gate and drawbridge. Their weapons were usually swords and axes and their suits were made of armor, hence the reason they were strategically positioned near the gates in case of any attackers that got too close. There was a lot of effort and money put into these castles to get them to be almost indestructible and they were no doubt an important lifestyle to royalty. They were the palaces of the nobles and the monarchs; they were a place for the kings family and dependents to feel safe and powerful. How to cite Medieval castles, Papers

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain Essays

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain 1. The Author and His Times Mark Twain, the pen name of Samuel Clemens, was born in Florida, Missouri in 1835. When he was four, his family moved to Hannibal, Missouri, the setting for many of his books. His father died when he was 12. After his father died, he went to work as a printer's apprentice and eventually as a printer in Missouri, St. Louis, and New York often writing a few works himself for periodicals. He worked as a printer and a reporter selling much of his work to newspapers. He continually moved from town to town. In 1857, he decided to move to South America to make a fortune there. He boarded a riverboat and headed for New Orleans where he would arrange the rest of his trip. However, he never made it past New Orleans and never into South America. He begged the riverboat to teach him how to pilot the riverboat. The riverboat pilot agreed to teach him for $500. Mark Twain went west during the civil war and established himself as a writer during this time. He wrote humorous stories about his experiences which lead to a job as a newspaper reporter in 1862. The following year he began signing his work "Mark Twain," a riverboat term meaning two fathoms deep. Mark Twain went to Hawaii in 1866. This trip was the beginning of his career as a travel correspondent. The next year he went to Europe and wrote a successful book there titled, The Innocent Abroad. In 1876, he published The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. This book was such a success that he decided immediately to write a sequel. The sequel, which became much more complex than the original was published seven years later in 1883 and titled, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. After Huckleberry Finn, Twain wrote nearly a dozen more books but none were as successful. By 1939, Twain had lost all of his money investing in various schemes and inventions, almost all of which were failures. After this, he went on a world lecture tour and was able to pay his debts by 1896. While on the tour, one of his daughters died. His wife later in 1904. In 1909 his daughter died leaving him unhappy. 2. Form, Structure, and Plot The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn consists of 43 chapters and is told in the first person with Huck Finn telling the story. The book divides into three sections. The first sections has Huck living his Miss Watson and her sister in civilization. During the second section, Huck travels down the river with Jim. In the last section, Huck returns to civilization and lives with Tom in Uncle Silas' farm. An organizational object in the book is the river which serves as a timeline for the book. The first section introduces Huck and his current life living with Miss Watson and Later with his father. This section ends were Huck fakes his death and flees to Jackson Island. In the second section, Huck meets Jim at the island and starts down the river when they find out that Jim is being searched for. Huck runs from civilization and Jim runs from slavery. This section ends when both Jim and Huck make it to Uncle Silas' farm. The third sections takes place at the farm and continues to the end of the book. Although the book divides itself into three sections, it does not divide itself to neatly into rising action, climax and conclusion since the book consists of several adventures with its own rising action, climax, and conclusion. It is difficult to label a single point as the climax. The book clearly starts with the exposition where Huck introduced himself as a character from Tom Sawyer and the son of a town drunk. He lived with Widow Douglas and her sister, Miss Watson. However, Huck did not like the civilized life and would rather live an easy going life. Huck's father finds out that Huck has some money and kidnaps him into a shack by the river. Pap beats Huck and Huck decides that he must escape. Huck fakes his death and flees to Jackson Island. On the island, he meets Jim, Miss Watson's runaway slave. This is the rising action. When the find that there are men on the island searching for Jim, they decide to travel down the Mississippi river and up the Ohio river into the free states. On the river, they live an easy life as they travel during the night and hide during the day. Traveling down the

20 Essay Topics About Abortion

20 Essay Topics About Abortion If you are tasked with writing a controversial abortion essay, you may be unsure of where to start or what makes for a viable topic. Below you will find 20 useful topics that can be used as a potential topic for your assignment. Make sure you review the details of your assignment first to ensure that the topic you select complies: Rates of Women Having Abortions after Already Having a Child in an Area of Your Choice. The Safety of Online Medical Services Offering Abortion Information and Medication for Women Whose Country Has No Such Service. The Necessity of Confirming Pregnancies before and after Abortions. Contraceptive Failures and Abortion. Demographics of Women Seeking Abortions in an Area of Your Choice. Age Breakdown of Women Seeking Abortions in an Area of Your Choosing. Whether Religion Limits the Safe Access to Abortions. Financial Background of Women Seeking Abortions in an Area of Your Choice. Religious Identification of Women Seeking Abortions in an Area of Your Choice. Medications and Pain Management for Abortions. Safe Post-Abortion Follow up Procedures. What to Do When Medical Abortions Are Incomplete. The Reliability of Medical Abortions. The Reliability of Surgical Abortions. When to Terminate the Pregnancy So That It is the Safest. What Abortion Procedures Are Recommended for Which Gestation Periods. Current Laws on Abortion in a Country of Your Choosing. Most Common Reasons Women Seek Abortions around the World. Correlation between Low Income Women’s Abortion Rights and High Instance of Rape. How Safe and Immediate Access to Abortion Services Can Reduce HIV Transmission and Help Reduce Complicated Pregnancies. Well, given that it can still be a bit challenging to understand how to write a controversial essay on abortion worldwide, we’ve prepared important facts that add up to these topics. There are writing tips on controversial essays as well, so don’t hesitate to use them. Below is a sample essay on one of the topics above: Sample Controversial Essay on the Safety of Abortion Techniques The issue of safe access to abortion is one which remains a high priority for the World Health Organization, and many other organizations because it is severely limited around the world and in some cases unsafe or less-than-ideally-safe situations arise. There are safe ways to induce abortion in multiple periods of gestation. Women who are in specific periods of their pregnancy can safely and effectively terminate their abortions through medical or surgical procedures. However, in some cases women are not granted access to the safe services they require when they require them. Because each technique is based on a time period for gestation, getting services immediately is imperative for women. There are still countries which do not have the available services either because they lack the funding or the qualified doctors or because their laws prohibit such services. In order to combat such situations, websites have risen up offering confidential services to women online to meet the dem and, but the question of safety in these techniques has remained a controversial subject within an already controversial topic. Based on the gestation period, women have two options for their abortions: surgical or medical. For the surgical procedure, a vacuum is used to remove the fetus. This is an in-house procedure which requires proper surgical tools and equipment. This is the recommended procedure for gestation between 12 and 14 weeks. It is also the last legal resort in places like the United States for abortions due to medical complications beyond that time period. If a medical abortion is incomplete, this is the alternative option used. For the medical abortion there are two medications, the first of which is taken orally and the second of which is either taken orally or vaginally depending on how far along the gestation is. If the gestation is under 9 weeks, it can be taken orally 24-48 hours after the first medication. If the gestation is between 9 and 12 weeks it is taken vaginally 36-48 hours after the first medication. Women under 9 weeks can opt for the surgical method if they so choose, but the medical method is recommended first. The websites which offer these services will only provide them in countries where the women cannot access what they need. There are still countries which do not have the available services either because they lack the funding or the qualified doctors or because their laws prohibit such services. In any case, the websites will allow women to either locate appropriate services in their country, or seek services through the mail. In these cases, time is truly of the essence because the medical abortion is the only abortion method which can be administered via mail. The service will confidentially send the necessary instructions and medications and complete follow up services online for those in need. Of course, if there are delays in the arrival of the package, or a potential complication, the women must seek immediate and local help in their country which might bring with it further improper care or potential legal complications if what they did was against the country’s laws. The medication provided is done so after the women confirm they are pregnant. It is recommended by the site that the women obtain a blood test (something often completely legal and safe in countries who do not have abortion services). This in tandem with a urine test can confirm the pregnancy and the gestation period. With this information, women can access the appropriate medication for their situation. The potential for unsafe techniques in this case lies with the validity of the results and the validity of what the women report. But this risk remains the same regardless of where the woman is located. The other issue is that the women may not take the medication properly, something which, again, is an issue no matter where they are located. That being said, the potential unsafe abortions offered by such services run the same risks as any other service and are therefore just as safe and effective as any other service. References: Currie, Stephen.  Abortion. San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press, 2000. Print. Merino, Noël.  Abortion. Print. Mohr, James C.  Abortion In America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Print. Noonan, John Thomas.  A Private Choice, Abortion In America In The Seventies. New York: Free Press, 1979. Print. Olasky, Marvin N.  Abortion Rites. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossways Books, 1992. Print. Omran, Abdel R.  Liberalization Of Abortion Laws. Chapel Hill, N.C.: Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1976. Print. Podell, Janet.  Abortion. New York: H.W. Wilson Co., 1990. Print.

Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Destruction

Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Destruction Habitat loss refers to the disappearance of natural environments that are home to particular plants and animals. There are three major types of habitat loss: habitat destruction, habitat degradation, and habitat fragmentation. Habitat Destruction Habitat destruction is the process by which natural habitat is damaged or destroyed to such an extent that it no longer is capable of supporting the species and ecological communities that naturally occur there. It often results in the extinction of species and, as a result, the loss of biodiversity. Habitat can be destroyed directly by many human activities, most of which involve the clearing of land for uses such as agriculture, mining, logging, hydroelectric dams, and urbanization. Although much habitat destruction can be attributed to human activity, it is not an exclusively man-made phenomenon. Habitat loss also occurs as a result of natural events such as floods, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and climate fluctuations. Although habitat destruction primarily causes species extinctions, it can also open up new habitat that might provide an environment in which new species can evolve, thus demonstrating the resiliency of life on Earth. Sadly, humans are destroying natural habitats at a rate and on spatial scales that exceed what most species and communities can cope with. Habitat Degradation Habitat degradation is another consequence of human development. It is caused  indirectly by human activities such as pollution, climate change, and the introduction of invasive species, all of which reduce the quality of the environment, making it difficult for native plants and animals to thrive. Habitat degradation is fueled by a fast-growing human population. As the population increases, humans use more land for agriculture and for the development of cities and towns spread out over ever-widening areas. The effects of habitat degradation not only affect native species and communities but human populations as well. Degraded lands are frequently lost to erosion, desertification, and nutrient depletion. Habitat Fragmentation Human development also leads to habitat fragmentation, as wild areas are carved up and split into smaller pieces. Fragmentation reduces animal ranges and restricts movement, placing animals in these areas at higher risk of extinction. Breaking up habitat can also separate animal populations, reducing genetic diversity. Conservationists often seek to protect habitat in order to save individual animal species. For example, the Biodiversity Hotspot program organized by Conservation International protects fragile habitats around the world. The groups aim is to protect biodiversity hotspots that contain high concentrations of threatened species, such as Madagascar and the Guinean Forests of West Africa. These areas are home to a unique array of plants and animals found nowhere else in the world. Conservation International believes that saving these hotspots is key to protecting the planets biodiversity. Habitat destruction is not the only threat facing wildlife, but it is quite likely the greatest. Today, it is taking place at such a rate that species are beginning to disappear in extraordinary numbers. Scientists warn  that the planet is experiencing a sixth mass extinction that will have serious ecological, economic, and social consequences. If the loss of natural habitat around the globe does not slow, more extinctions are sure to follow.

Political science - Module ( Introduction to research ) Essay - 1

Political science - Module ( Introduction to research ) - Essay Example The other hypothesis indicates that political democracy is related to the institutions and practices that are indispensable in the process of securing principles of transition to democracy. The method of research is based on numerous elements that will facilitate relevant compilation and utilization of the data by during the study. The research will be more oriented on the process and it will be a qualitative research, which will be following the sequence of various events for a period. Therefore, this will foster a substantial understanding of the democratization process form a regime of dictatorship. Data Collection: There will be preliminary gathering of data as a way of refining the thoughts of the researcher, where secondary data will be gathered for the organization’s reports and documents. The data gathered will contribute to sharpening focus on the problem statements of the research. Data Analysis: Data collected from the relevant sources will be analyzed in order to facilitate the process of drawing relevant information that can contribute significantly to developing a discussion. The research question will involve analysis of sets of couple data block, whereby every block will be a unit of variable matrix and these variables will have similar matrices. Discussion: The empirical evidence obtained from the analysis will be discussed based on the literature review in order to test the hypothesis of the research. The discussion will revolve around achievement of the research objective and answering the research question based on the information gathered from previous researches and the empirical evidence in the research. Conclusion and Recommendation: Ideas identified in the discussion section will be used to draw relevant concisions and recommendations. Recommendations in this research will be based on comparison of Egyptian process of democratization with Turkey regarding

CEO Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

CEO Paper - Essay Example Iacocca had adequately displayed through his actions that he is a fair but firm manager; that he assumes full responsibility for his actions; that he is an optimist who seeks opportunities in the face of overwhelming problems; that he goads his managers into maintained discipline by requiring them to face the problem and make tough decisions; and finally that he is a leader as well as a manager. Iacocca admits to some shortcomings, such as giving in to the pressure of union demands in fear of bankruptcy, but there is no perfect executive. For all intents and purposes, Iacocca has demonstrated that he embodies the tenets of Henman, Drucker, Kotter, and Heifetz and Laurie. The theories are therefore validated, in so far as concerns the leadership style of Lee Iacocca. ... Iacocca was known for discontinuing certain models in favor of what turned out to be best sellers, namely the Mustang, the minivan, the Jeep Grand Cherokee, and the convertible Le Baron (Nulty & De Llosa, 1993; Taylor & Schonfeld, 1992). The following discussion explores the leadership style of Lee Iacocca, and how he manifests the leadership principles described by Henman, Drucker, Kotter, Heifetz and Laurie. F2 Leadership (Linda Henman, 2011) F2 is short for ‘firm but fair’ leadership, meaning that the executive treads the middle ground between relationship behavior on the one hand, and task accomplishment on the other (Strategy Driven, 2011). Evidence of Iacocca’s sense of fairness is his pronouncement when he first took over Chrysler that he would accept only $1 as his salary which the company was in distress, until such time as Chrysler would have recovered and been stewarded back to a firmly stable growth path. Iacocca admitted that as chairman, he was persu aded to give in a bit too much to the unions, and it showed weakness on his part. â€Å"I was part of that (giveaways to union contracts). You always knuckled under because if you took a 2-week strike in the old days, it could bankrupt you†¦But they really had you.. You can’t pay a janitor $50 or $60 an hour to sweep the floor. That’s a little wacko’ (Iacocca, quoted by Smith, 2006). However, when tough decisions had to be made, the Chrysler CEO did not balk. In order to save Chrysler from bankruptcy, Iacocca had persuaded the Federal government to extend to it a $1.5 billion loan guarantee in 1980. In 1983, seven years before its deadline, the company had fully paid off all federally backed loans. How Iacocca did this was by making some very difficult

King Tutankhamun and His Treasures Essay -- Essays Papers

King Tutankhamun and His Treasures The ancient Egyptians were noted for many things, one of which would have been their artwork. Egyptians used many medians in their artwork that enhanced the details and beauty of every piece of art. Their artwork is fascinating and mysterious, which pulls in the viewer into wanting to learn more. One of the most important and unique Egyptian artworks belongs to King Tutankhamun, a young pharaoh of Egypt. A brief history of the discovery of King Tut’s tomb and the importance and beauty of certain pieces found in his tomb, will be discussed in this essay. King Tutankhamun’s tomb was the prize that archaeologist Howard Carter sought out for in the Valley of the Kings. Carter was running out of time and also the Earl of Carnarvon’s patience. Disappointed for years by Carter’s discoveries, Carnarvon told Carter to not apply anymore for the renewal of his excavating concession. Only by his pleading and offers to pay the cost himself if nothing were found convinced Carnarvon to add one more excavating season. At the time, thirty-three tombs had been discovered, and thieves who had pillaged and destroyed them had already broken into all. Because of this, it was believed that the Valley burial ground held no more secrets. Carter disagreed and was more determined than ever to find the tomb. Eventually, three pieces of evidence discovered by Theodore M. Davis, and examined by H. E. Winlock, led Carter to believe that King Tut’s tomb was yet to be found. The three artifacts were a faience cup bearing the pharaoh’s name, a small, mud-filled pit tomb containing pictures and inscriptions of King Tut and his wife, and the third was a collection of pottery jars, each sealed with King Tut’s seal. Carter had a hypothesis that King Tut’s tomb may be found in a small area in the Valley where archeologists had not yet dug into. It was a very strenuous job, considering the floor of the Valley was covered with tons of rock and sand, and all they had was manual labor. Soon enough though, a staircase was discovered followed by a door with its seals still intact. In 1922, Carter had indeed discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamun! King Tut became pharaoh at the age of nine and ruled for nine years until his death at eighteen. The cause of his death is unknown. The period he ruled was that of economic prosperity and some re... ...s the god Shu, holding the curved piece, which was to represent him saving the world from chaos by holding up the sky. A lion was also carved on the base on the left and right side of Shu. The base represented the earth and the lions symbolized the mountains on the western and eastern horizons. This piece has no close parallel in Egyptian art. The artwork described above was only a tiny portion of what was discovered in King Tutankhamun’s tomb. It was very interesting to see the ancient artifacts and know the purpose that each one served—jars holding organs and concoctions, musical instruments, and statues that served as protection are just a few examples of what the Egyptians used in their tombs. Their art represents how loyal and elegant the Egyptian culture was. Even though King Tutankhamun was not one of the most famous pharaohs, his treasures will live on and educate people into knowing more about him and the Egyptians. Bibliography Buckley, Tom, and Wente F., Edward. Treasures of Tutankhamun. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1976. â€Å"Tutankhamen.† Encarta, 1998 ed. CD-ROM. Microsoft, 1998. National Geographic Society. Ancient Egypt. Washington D.C., 1978.

Which Stakeholders Can Currently Be Considered to Be Part of the “the Company” for the Purpose of the Director’s Duty to Act in the Best Interests of the Corporation?

which stakeholders can currently be considered to be part of the â€Å"the company† for the purpose of the director’s duty to act in the best interests of the corporation? Company is a form of corporation and regulated by the Corporations Act. The legal significance of being as a company is it exists as a separate legal entity and dependent upon human beings to make decisions on their behalf. The person who makes or participates in making decisions that affect the whole or a substantial part of the company’s business can be defined as a director. The legal definition of director is stated under section 9 of the Corporations Act[1] which indicates that, it is more appropriate to look at the function of the people rather than at the job title itself. Duties are imposed on the directors to regular illegal behavior and ensure that they act for the benefit of the company. All directors and officers of a corporation are bound by a number of general law and statutes which include that: a) act in good faith in the interests of the company; b) act for a proper purpose; c) avoid conflicts of interest; and ) retain discretion Moreover, care, skill and diligence in the performance of their duties must exercised by directors. Stakeholder can be defined as a party that affects or can be affected by the actions of the business[2], which may be include shareholder, creditors, employees, customer, supplier and government. Under the principle of the company law, directors and officers owe duties to the company as a whole but not to the other p erson or group rather that shareholder as they are the residual owners of the company’s assets. As a result, it can be said that a scope is limited by the statutory duties to the company’ director and officer is to act the best interest of shareholder, any benefit is acting on the other group of the stakeholder (such as the creditor) will beyond the scope of director’ power. In addition, an essential problem might be arisen between the director and the shareholder is known as â€Å"agency costs† that is the cost incurred by company to ensure that the director (who manages the company) is acting on the behalf of shareholders (who is the owner of the company) and make decisions onsist with their best interest. The duty will be breached by each director if there is no action done to avoid a conflict of interest[3]. A director can not use his or her power to profit personally interest at expense of the company. An action may be brought against the company where it has managed in an oppressive, unfairly prejudicial or unfairly discriminatory against shareholderà ¢â‚¬â„¢s interest. Therefore, it seems that the company (shareholder) is the only beneficiary by the regulation of director’s duties. In other words, the enforcement of director’s duties is for the benefit of the shareholders. 2) Should directors duties, and corporate responsibilities, be extended to a wider group of stakeholders? What are the lessons from the James Hardie and the Waterfront Dispute experience? It is a challenge for the current legal framework to consider a wider group of stakeholder’ interest, as in modern society that greater deal of business and activities conducted by a company. Elena suggests that balance between the different groups of stakeholders is essential to the long-term viability of the corporation and the long-term shareholder’s value can be increased by taking account of the other group of the stakeholder. 4] For example, an under market salary is paid to the employees or the employees are scheduled in an inefficient way w ill result in a decreasing of shareholder’s wealth as the productivity of the company is affected by the dissatisfied employees. Hence, according to the definition of the stakeholder, employee can be classified as a stakeholder who will maximize shareholder’ wealth in a long-term. As a result, the maximization of stakeholder’ value goal might not only be concentrated on the shareholder but the other group such as creditor and employee. The reasons why the director’s duty might be extended to the group of creditor can be stated as: creditor is a important stakeholder in the company and their interest should be taken into account; and also, based on the judgments of the decided case, it also indicates that there is a demand for director to regard the interest of creditor. Firstly, a company is a separate legal entity[5]. Therefore, the debt of the company is separated from its directors and shareholders. In addition, the money borrowed will be recorded under the name of the company and the creditor will sue the company if there is any unpaid account. However, creditor is playing an important role in providing funds to assist company to manage its cashflow and expansions. Hence, it can be said that creditor is the stakeholder and can effect the action of the business. Nevertheless, according to the passage Re New World Alliance Pty Ltd (1994) 122 ALR 531 at 550,[6] there is not direct duty owed by the director and officer to the creditors because their duties are owed to the company. However, in the situation when the directors of company consider a high risk project or it is in a financial distress, the creditor has to occupy a weakness position. This is because, if the project fails, shareholder will lose nothing but the money they have invested due to the limited liability then the risk of filature will shift to the creditor. Hence, it seems unfair for creditor who has not fiduciary protection and whose right is limited by the contract. On the other hands, according to the passage Re New World Alliance Pty Ltd (1994) 122 ALR 531 at 550,[7] there is not direct duty owed by the director and officer to the creditors because their duties are owed to the company. The only time that the director’ duties are owed to creditor is when company is insolvency[8] and during that time, the creditor is entitled to displace the power of the directors and shareholders to deal with the company’s assets[9]. It can be argued that it is riskless for the secured creditor who holds a charge over a part or all of the company's assets during the company’s insolvency. If the company is in financial distress, a receiver is appointed by the secured creditor to collect and look after the company’s asset in order to obtain money for them[10]. However, it is not easy for the creditor to claim all their money back according to: firstly, the money collected has to pay the certain priority claims, including employee entitlements (such as wages, superannuation contributions and leave payments) before paying to creditor; and secondly, director does not owe directly duty of care for the interest of creditor, this might result in a less consideration of managing and taking care of the asset that is held by the creditor. Therefore, creditor who provides fund for company to operate or expand is playing a significant role to a company and their weakness position should be taken in to account and redeemed by the director’s duty and the corporate responsibilities. In addition, duty has been referred to the judgments of the decided cases. The emergence of the issue to regard the creditor’ interest is from the leading judgment by Mason  J in Walker v Wimborne. 11] His statement has been acknowledged by the other courts such as in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Also, according to the obiter comments in the recent case Spies v The Queen, the court has again acknowledged that there is an existence of the duty to creditor. As a result, it seems that protection for creditor’s interest is required in some certain circumstances. [pic][pic][pic] ———————– [1] Section 9 defines a director as: a) a person who: ) is appointe d to the position of a director; or ii) is appointed to the position of an alternate director and is acting in that capacity; regardless of the name that is given to their position; and b) unless the contrary intention appears, a person who is not validly appointed as a director of: i) they act in the position of a director; or ii) the directors of the company or body are accustomed to act in accordance with the person’s instructions or wishes. [2] http://www. scu. edu. u/schools/gcm/ar/arp/stake. html [3] Relevant section under the Statue Law: Section 182(1) – Use of Position; Section 183(1) – Use of Information; Section 191(1) – Disclosure of Interest. Also, under the Common Law – Fiduciary Duties. [4] â€Å"Corporate governance: shareholders’ interest and other stakeholders’ interest. † http://www. virtusinterpress. com/additional_files/journ_coc/full-text-papers-open-access/Paper006. pdf [5] The principle is established in Salomon v Salomon & Co ? 1897? AC 22 [6] Harris, Hargovan and Adams: Australian Corporate Law, 1st ed, Page417. [7] Harris, Hargovan and Adams: Australian Corporate Law, 1st ed, Page417. [8] A company is insolvent if: 1. It is unable to pay its debts as they fall due. 2. Its assets are less than the amount of its liabilities, taking into account its contingent and prospective liabilities. [9] Kinsela v Russell Kinsela Pty. Ltd. (in liq. ) (1986) 4 NSWLR 722. [10] In some special circumstance, it may appointed by the court. Eg: where there is a dispute between the owners of the company or the property over which the receiver is appointed [11] His Honour said: In this respect it should be emphasised that the directors of a company in discharging their duty to the company must take account of the interest of its shareholders and its creditors. Any failure by the directors to take into account the interests of creditors will have adverse consequences for the company as well as for them.

Jan Ingenhousz Scientist Who Discovered Photosynthesis

Jan Ingenhousz (December 8, 1730 - September 7, 1799) was an 18th century Dutch physician, biologist, and chemist who discovered how plants convert light into energy, the process known as photosynthesis. He is also credited with discovering that plants, similar to animals, undergo the cellular respiration process. Fast Facts: Jan Ingenhousz Born: December 8, 1730, in Breda, NetherlandsDied: September 7, 1799, in Wiltshire, EnglandParents: Arnoldus Ingenhousz and Maria (Beckers) IngenhouszSpouse: Agatha Maria JacquinKnown For: Discovery of photosynthesis and inoculating Hapsburg family against smallpoxEducation: MD from the University of LeuvenKey Accomplishments: Discovered the photosynthetic process and was a leading proponent of variolation in the mid to late 1700s.  Elected to the Royal Society of London as a fellow in 1769. Early Years and Education Jan Ingenhousz was born in Breda, Netherlands, to Arnoldus Ingenhousz and Maria (Beckers) Ingenhousz. He had one older brother, Ludovicus Ingenhousz, who became an apothecary. Little information about Ingenhouszs parents survived, but it is generally believed that they were able to provide their sons with what would have been considered an outstanding early education at that time. At around the age of 16, Ingenhousz completed the Latin school in his hometown and began studying medicine at the University of Leuven. He received his medical degree in 1753. He also did advanced studies at Leiden University. During his time at Leiden, he interacted with Pieter van Musschenbroek, who invented the first electrical capacitor in 1745/1746. Ingenhousz would develop a lifelong interest in electricity as well. Career and Research After his university studies, Ingenhousz began a general medical practice in his hometown of Breda. While the practice was successful, Ingenhousz was curious about a number of scientific subjects and kept up with experiments in the sciences in his off hours. He was greatly interested in physics and chemistry, particularly in the study of electricity. He studied the electricity generated by friction and developed an electrical machine, but continued to practice medicine in Breda until the death of his father. After his fathers death, he was interested in studying inoculation techniques, particularly those concerning smallpox, so he traveled to London and became known as a competent inoculator. Ingenhousz helped to inoculate some 700 villagers in Hertfordshire to stop a smallpox epidemic, and he also helped to inoculate King George IIIs family. Around this time, the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa became interested in inoculating her family against smallpox after one of her family members died from the disease. Due to his reputation and prior work in the field, Ingenhousz was selected to perform the inoculations. The inoculation of the Austrian Royal family was successful and he then became the Empress court physician. Due to his success in inoculating the royal family,  he was greatly revered in Austria. At the request of the Empress Maria Theresa, he then went to Florence, Italy, and inoculated the man who would become Kaiser Leopold II. Ingenhousz was very successful with his inoculation work and was one of the leading proponents of variolation, which derives its name from the scientific name for smallpox, variola. Variolation was an early method for immunizing against the disease. Over time, vaccination against smallpox became the norm, but at the time, Edward Jenner and others used an animal infection, cowpox, to vaccinate humans to protect them from smallpox. Those who were infected with cowpox were then also immune if they were later exposed to smallpox. Ingenhouszs work helped with the reduction in deaths from smallpox, and his methods served as a transition to the vaccines used today. While variolation used a live virus, typical vaccination methods used today use attenuated (weakened) or inactivated viruses, which makes them much safer. While he was very successful in this field, the stress was immense and his health began to suffer. He stayed in Florence for some time for health reasons. During this time he visited with Abbe Fontana, a physicist. This visit helped to peak his interest in the mechanisms of gas exchange in plants. In 1775, Ingenhousz married Agatha Maria Jacquin in Vienna. Photosynthesis Discovery In the late 1770s, Ingenhousz moved to Calne, a small town located in Wiltshire, in the southwestern portion of England, where he turned his attention to plant research. His colleague Joseph Priestley had discovered oxygen there a few years prior and Ingenhousz conducted his research at the same place. During his experiments, he put various plants underwater in transparent containers so that he could observe what was happening. He noticed that when the plants were in the light, bubbles appeared under the leaves of the plants. When the same plants were placed in the darkness, he noticed that the bubbles stopped forming after some time. He also noted that it was the leaves as well as other green portions of the plants that were producing the bubbles. He then collected the bubbles of gas produced by the plants and conducted a number of tests to attempt to determine its identity. After a great many tests, he found that a smoldering candle would reignite from the gas. Thus, Ingenhousz deduced that the gas was oxygen. During his experiments he also deduced that these same plants released carbon dioxide when they were in the dark. Lastly, he noted that the overall amount of oxygen that the plants give off in the light was more than the carbon dioxide released in the dark. Ingenhousz published Experiments upon Vegetables, Discovering Their Great Power of Purifying the Common Air in the Sunshine, and of Injuring it in the Shade and at Night in 1799 before his death. His work was translated into several languages and led to the foundation of our modern understanding of photosynthesis. Death and Legacy Ingenhouszs work on the photosynthetic process allowed others to detail the intricacies of the process by building on his work. While Ingenhousz is most known for his work with photosynthesis, the diversity of his work allowed him to make valuable contributions in a number of scientific areas. He is credited with discovering that plants, like animals, undergo cellular respiration. In addition, Ingenhousz studied electricity, chemistry, and heat conduction. Ingenhousz also noted the movement of coal dust in alcohol. This movement would come to be known as Brownian motion, for the scientist who is generally credited with the discovery, Robert Brown. While Brown is credited, some believe that Ingenhouszs discovery predated Robert Browns by approximately 40 years, thus changing the scientific discovery timeline. Jan Ingenhousz died on September 7,1799 in Wiltshire, England. He had been in ill health for quite some time prior to his death. Sources â€Å"Jan Ingenhousz.† Biography, www.macroevolution.net/jan-ingenhousz.html.  Harvey, R B and H M Harvey. â€Å"JAN INGEN-HOUSZ† Plant physiology vol. 5,2 (1930): 282.2-287, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC440219/